ื‘ืขืœื•ื›ืึท

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ื‘ืขืœื•ื›ืึท ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืžืึทืžืึทืœื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ืคืึธืจืขื. ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™, ืคึผื•ื‘ืขืจื˜ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก. ื“ื™ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืงืึธืคึผ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื“ืขืœืคื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜, ื ื™ื™ึทื’ืขืจื™ืง ืงื•ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึธืจืกืึทืœ ืคืœื•ืกืคืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขืš ืงืึธืคึผ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืฉื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ื•ืึทื“ื“ืœืขื“ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ.

ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’

ืคืึธื˜ืึธ: ื‘ืขืœื•ื›ืึท

ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืœืคื™ื ืึทืคึผื˜ืขืจื•ืก ืœืขื•ืงืึทืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ "ื“ืขืœืคื™ืก" - ื“ืขืœืคื™ืŸ. "ืึทืคึผื˜ืขืจื•ืก" ืžืžืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืคืœื™ื’ืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ืึธืจืกืึทืœ ืคืœื•ืกืคืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื "ืœืขื•ืงืึทืก" ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ "ืœืขื•ืงืึธืก" - ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก.

ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ืคึผ, Delphinapterus leucas ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฉืึธืจื“ืึทื˜ืขืก. ื“ืืก ืึธืกืขืึทื ื™ืง ืžืึทืžืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขื˜ืึทืกืขืึทื ืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืึทืจื•ื•ื”ืึทืœ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืจืขืคึผืจื™ื–ืขื ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื›ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื– (Delphinapterus de Lacรฉpรจde, 1804).

ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื: ื‘ืขืœื•ื›ืึท

ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 18 ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ Peter Pallas, ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืึทืงืึทื•ื ืฅ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื‘, ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืึทื–ืœื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจืกืึทื ืึทืœื™ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื˜ืึทืœ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ 1776. ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ืื™ื– ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึธืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึทืกืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ 1804.

ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืกืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื›ื™ื™ึทืข. ื“ื™ืกืคึผื™ื•ืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 20 ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืกืฅ ื’ืขืคืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื ืกื™ืกื˜ืึทื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืขืจื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ.

ื”ื™ืคึผืึธื˜ื”ืขืกืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืคึผื™ื•ืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ืจื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉื“ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 21 ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜, ืึท ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืื™ื– ืจื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืึธื ื’ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืคื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืกืืจื˜.

ืฉืคึผืึทืก ืคืึทืงื˜: ืกืกื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืกืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทืžืึทืœื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ 55-60 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ืืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื ืึทืจื•ื•ื”ืึทืœ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ - 9-10 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ืืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื— ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืง ืืงืขืืŸ.

ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ

ืคืึธื˜ืึธ: ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ืžืึทืžืึทืœ

ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ื“ืขืœืคื™ืŸ. ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื™ืžื‘ืึธืกื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ืึท ื™ืœืึธื ื’ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื ืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืึท "ืกืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’" ืžื•ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื˜ ืึทื ืžื™ืกื˜ืึทื‘ืœื™ ืึท ืงืึธืจืขื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืœืคื™ื ืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขืš ืงืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ื’ื•ื•ื™ืฉื™ื– ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื“ืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืึทื‘ืจื™ื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื™ื•ื–ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขื˜ืึทืกืขืึทื ืก.

ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ืึทื•ื˜ื•ื•ืขืจื“ ืคึผืจืึทื ืึทื•ื ืกื˜ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก, ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืงืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ืฃ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืขืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืง. ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืœืึทื˜, ื’ืœืึธืกื™, ื’ื•ืžืข. ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืจื™ื˜ืฉืึทื– 6 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ืกืคึผืจืึทืคึผืึธืจืฉืึทื ืึทื˜ืœื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ืคื™ื ืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืฃ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื ื’ ืื™ื– 1% ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืขื ื’ - 60 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– 30 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื˜ืขืจ. ืงืœื™ื™ื ื˜ืฉื™ืง ืคืœื™ืคึผืขืจื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื ืกื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืง. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืืœ ืžืขืจ.

ื“ื™ ืึทื ืึทื˜ืึทืžื™ืงืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื“ืึทืคึผื˜ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืงื˜ื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ืงืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 1600 ืฆื• 2000 ืงื™ืœืึธื’ืจืึทืžืก. ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืกื•ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืึทื ืขืึธื•ืก ืคืขื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืขืจืคืขืจ ื•ื•ืื’, ื‘ื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื ืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 20%.

ื”ืขืึทืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืขืงืึธืœืึธืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ืึธืœืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื– ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึทืฆื™ืขื– ืงื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื›ึผื•ืœืœ 30-40 ืฆื™ื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื“ื–ืฉ-ืฉื™ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคืึธืจืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืงืขืจื– ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืœื™ืง ื‘ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ. ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ื–ืฉืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืกืœืึทื ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื™ึทืกืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืจื•ื™ื‘.

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš ืกื•ื•ื™ืžืขืจื–. ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ 3 ืฆื• 9 ืงื™ืœืืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจ ืฉืขื”. ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื’ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 22 ืงื™ืœืืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจ ืฉืขื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ 15 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืžืึทื ื•ื•ื•ืขืจืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™. ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžืึทืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง.

ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื˜ืงืข ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื ืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจืก ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ. ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึทืก ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 20 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขื ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืกืคึผืขืจืžืขื ืึทืœ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื“ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืฆื• 400 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ. ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืกืึทื ื’ืง ืฆื• 647 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ. ื ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš ืœืึทืกืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 10 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 15 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜.

ื•ื•ืื• ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ื?

ืคืึธื˜ืึธ: ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท

ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืคื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืŸ:

  • ืืงืขืืŸ;
  • ืกื™ื–;
  • ื‘ื™ื™ื–;
  • ืคื™ืึธืจื“ื–.

ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื˜ืงืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื–, ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืึทืกืœื™ ื”ืขืึทื˜ืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึทืกืขืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืžื•ื™ืœ. ื“ืขื ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ. ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืŸ ืคื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืงืืžื™ื•ื ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืคืจืื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 8 ืื•ืŸ 10 ื“ื™ื’ืจื™ื– ืกืขืœืกื™ื•ืก.

ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืึทืจืงื˜ื™ืง ืึธื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข, ื’ืจื™ื ืœืึทื ื“, ื ืึธืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึท, ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืึทืกืงืึท. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜. ืœืึธืจืึทื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื›ืึธื˜ืกืง ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืคื ื“ื™ืง ืึธื•ืฉืึทื ื–.

ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจืึท ืกื™ื–. ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืจ ืงืึธื•ืกื˜ืึทืœ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ืงื  ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’. ื˜ืึธืึธื˜ื”ืขื“ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข, ื’ืจื™ื ืœืึทื ื“, ืึทืœืึทืกืงืึท. ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืกืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึท, ืื•ื ื’ืึทื•ื•ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึท, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜. ืœืึธืจืึทื ืก ื˜ื™ื™ืš.

ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืกืคึผืขื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืกืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฅ, ืขืก ืกื™ื™ืœื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉืึธืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืึทื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ื“ื™ ืกืงืึธื˜ืœืึทื ื“ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ื” ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืึธื‘, ื™ืขื ื™ืกืขื™, ืœืขื ืึท, ืึทืžื•ืจ, ืžืืœ ืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ืึทืคึผืกื˜ืจื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืœ.

ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ืกื˜ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืืงืขืืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืึทืจืงื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื•ื•ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืกื˜ืึทืงืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ืจืŸ.

ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืกื˜ ืึท ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ?

ืคืึธื˜ืึธ: ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื›ื™ื™ึทืข

ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึทืก ืขืกืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ื–ื™ื™ ืจื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 100 ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ืก ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืขื“. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืขื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืœืขื’ืึทืžืจืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืกืขืึทืคืึธืึธื“.

ืจืขืฉื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทืกื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืึทื‘ืจื™ื™ืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึทืก:

  • ืึธืงื˜ืึธืคึผื•ืกืขืก;
  • ืงื•ื˜ื˜ืœืขืคื™ืฉ;
  • ืงืจืึทื‘ืก;
  • ืžืึธืœืœื•ืกืงืก;
  • ืกืึทื ื“ื•ื•ืึธืจืžืก.

ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืึทื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื™ืฉ.

ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืขื˜ืข ื›ื•ืœืœ:

  • ืงืึทืคึผืขืœื™ืŸ;
  • Cod;
  • ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’;
  • ืฉืžืขืœืฆืŸ;
  • ืคืœืึทื•ื ื“ืขืจ.

ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื›ืขืกืงืขื ื‘ืขืœืึทื’ืึทืก, ื–ื™ื™ ืขืกืŸ 18-27 ืงื™ืœืึธื’ืจืึทืžืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืคึผืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 2.5-3% ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื•ืึธื’.

ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื’ื™ื™ื  ืึทืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื˜ืงืข ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืคืœืขืงืกืึทื‘ืึทืœ ื”ืึทืœื“ื– ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ื•ื•ืขืจื– ื‘ืฉืขืช ื’ื™ื™ืขื’. ืึธื‘ืกืขืจื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื“ืจื•ืง, ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืœืจืึธืกืก ื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืึทืฉื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ื ืึธ. ืกืึทืกืคึผืขื ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืจื™ืกืขืก ืึทืจื•ืฃ. ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืจื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื.

ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื›ืึทื ืฅ ืคื™ืฉ ืคื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืœื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹5 ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืคื™ืฉ ืกืงื•ืœื– ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื˜ืงืข ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืฒึทืขืŸ ืขืกืŸ. ืขืจ ืกื•ื•ืึทืœืึธื•ื– ืขืก ื’ืึทื ืฅ. ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืง ืจื•ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืงื™ื•ืจืœื™ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื’ื™ื™ืขื’.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื–, ื–ืึธืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืกืฅ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธืœืฅ ื˜ืฉื™ืคึผืก, ื–ืึทืžื“, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืœื™ืงืขืœื™ื”ืึธืึธื“, ื“ื™ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื‘ืฉืขืช ื’ื™ื™ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื˜ืงืข ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืกืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื•ื•ืึทืœืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืกื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื ื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจ ืขืก.

ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ

ืคืึธื˜ืึธ: ื‘ืขืœื•ื›ืึท

ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึทืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื›ืขืจื“ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก. ื–ื™ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืœืึทื ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืจื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึทืžืึทืœื–. ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 10% ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš.

ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜-ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืกืงื™ืœื–. ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืขื˜ืฉืึธืœืึธื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื ื“ืก ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึทืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš. ื–ื™ื™ ืจื™ื–ืขืžื‘ืึทืœ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืงื ื™ื™ืžื“ "ื™ื ืงืึทื ืึทืจื™ืขืก". ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจืคึผื™ื ื’, ืคื™ื™ึทืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืงืจื™ืžื™ื ื’. ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึธื•ื“ืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืกื“ืจ. ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืงืึทืœ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืคึผืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’, ืžืึทื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžื™ื•ื ืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’.

ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืฆื• ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœื–, ืงืจื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ืœื™ ืึทืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ืคืขืฅ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜.

ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืกืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื– ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’, ื’ืจื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืืžืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ื• ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืึธื›ืŸ. ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’.

ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ึทื’ืขืจื™ืง ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“. ืื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ.

ืกืืฆื™ืืœ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข

ืคืึธื˜ืึธ: ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืงื•ื‘

ืคึผืึธืจื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื™. ืžืึทืœืขืก ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืžื™ื™ืœื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืœื™ืจื˜ื™ื ื’, ืจืึทืกื™ื ื’, ืคึผืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืกืึธื•ื ื“ืก, ืงืœื™ืงื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ึทืคืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืžืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื™ืžื™ื™ืœื–, ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื–. ืžืึทื ืก ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืขืง ืกืœืึทืคึผืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ, ืงืึธืคึผ ืฉืึทืงื™ื ื’, ื”ืึทืจื‘ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ืกืึธื•ื ื“ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ื“ื™ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืฉืึทืจืฃ ื˜ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืฃ, ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึทืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉืœืืกืŸ.

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก ืฆื• ืคึผืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื‘ืœืขืš. ื“ื™ ื’ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื”. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจ ืคื™ืขืกืขืก, ืกื•ื•ื™ืžื– ืกื™ื ื˜ืฉืจืึธื ืึธื•ืกืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื. ื“ื™ ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืคื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ. ืฉื•ื•ืึทื ื’ืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ืœืึทืกืฅ 400-420 ื˜ืขื’. ื–ืึธืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืกืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื‘ืœืขืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš ื“ื™ ื“ื–ืฉืขืกื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื•ื•ื–. ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืฉืึธืจืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื– ืงื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืึทืงืขืจื– ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืกื™ื ื’ืงืจืึทื ื™ื™ื–, ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืคื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื™ื ืึทื‘ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ.

ื ื™ื™ึท-ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืงืึทื•ื•ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 80 ืงื™ืœืึธื’ืจืึทืžืก. ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™. ืงืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืกื˜ืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœืš. ืœืึทืงื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืœืึทืกืฅ ืคื•ืŸ 1.5-2 ื™ืึธืจ. ื ื™ื™ึท-ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ืžื™ื™ืœื–: ืึท ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉ ื ื™ืึทื ื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ, ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืงื˜ืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜.

ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 4-7 ื™ืืจ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืŸ ืื™ื– 50 ื™ืึธืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึทื– ืคื™ืžื™ื™ืœื– ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 32 ื™ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื– 40.

ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึทืก

ืคืึธื˜ืึธ: ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื

ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืฉื•ื ืื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืคึผืจืขื“ืึทื˜ืขืจื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื’. ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขื“ืึทื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืคึผืขื ื“ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ืœืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื–, ืคึผืึธืœื™ืึทืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืฉืึทืจืงืก.

ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึทืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืจื•ื™ื‘ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืึทืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื˜. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืกื‘ืขืจื’ื– ื•ื•ื• ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขื’ ื‘ืขืจื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ. ืžืืœ ื‘ืขืจื– ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื™ื– ืกืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืงืœื™ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ื  ืึทืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’. ืคึผืึธืœื™ืึทืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื  ืึทืฃ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืงืœืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ.

ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืคืึทืงื˜: ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉื•ืฅ - ืงืึทืžืึทืคืœืึทื–ืฉ, ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ื–ืžืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืขืจ.

ืึธืจืงืึทืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขื’. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื™ึทืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืงื™ืœืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ื ืฅ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื ื™ื– ืขืก ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทื˜ืึทืงื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื’. ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึทืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ืœืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื–, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืžืึทื ื•ื•ื•ืขืจืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื–, ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึทืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืกื•ืขืจื–.

ื’ืจื™ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืฉืึทืจืงืก ื™ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึทื‘ืึทืฅ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœ. ืึธืคึฟื˜, ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืจื•ื™ื‘ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืึทืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื˜, ืงื™ืœืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’.

ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืกืึทืงืึธื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืงืึธื ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื’ื™ื™ืขื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื›ืึทื–ืขืจื“ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืกื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜, ืึธื ื•ื•ืึทืจืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืึทื ืžืขื ืึทืœ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ.

ืกืกื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืกืฅ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื– ืจืึทืฉ ืคืึทืจืคึผืขืกื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืึทืคืขืงืฅ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึทืก. ื“ื™ ืฉืึทืจืฃ ื•ื•ื•ึผืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผื™ื ื’, ืึท ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ื˜ื•ืจื™ืก ื™ื ืขืจืคื™ืจื– ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืจืขืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืคืึทืจืงืœืขื ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื•ื•ื–, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜, ืึท ืจืขื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืื“ืข.

ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื

ืคืึธื˜ืึธ: ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท

ืขืกื˜ืึทืžืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึทืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฆืืœืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ื’ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืขืจืœื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื˜ืขื•ืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื.

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ 150.000 ืฆื• 180.000 ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก. ื“ืจื™ื™ึทืกื™ืง ื˜ื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ื›ืึทื‘ืึทืฅ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืขื ืึทืคื™ื™ื“ - 12 ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืคืขื“ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– - ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 46% - ืื™ื– ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืœืึธื•ืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“.

ื›ืึทื‘ืึทื˜ืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’:

  • ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ืืœ ื‘ืขื™;
  • ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื’ ื™ื;
  • ื˜ืฉื•ืงื˜ืฉื™ ื™ื;
  • ื‘ืขืึทืคืึธืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ื;
  • ื ืึธืจื“ืขืจืŸ ืืจืฅ;
  • ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ืจื™ื ืœืึทื ื“;
  • ืžืขืจื‘, ื“ืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ื“ืกืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึท;
  • ืกื˜ ืœืึธืจืึทื ืก ื˜ื™ื™ืš;
  • ืฉืคื™ืฆื‘ืขืจื’ืขืŸ;
  • Franz Josef Land;
  • Ob Bay;
  • ื™ืขื ื™ืกืขื™ ื’ืึทืœืฃ;
  • ืึธื ืขื’ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึท;
  • Dvinskaya Bay;
  • ืœืึทืคึผื˜ืขื•ื• ื™ื;
  • ืžืขืจื‘ ื˜ืฉื•ืงื˜ืฉื™ ื™ื;
  • ืžื–ืจื—-ืกื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืึทืŸ ื™ื;
  • ืึทื ืึทื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึท;
  • ืฉืขืœื›ืึธื•ื• ื‘ื™ื™;
  • ืกืื›ืืœื™ืŸ - ืืžื•ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืš;
  • ืฉืึทื ื˜ืึทืจ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ.

ืงืึทื ืึทื“ื™ืึทืŸ ื™ื™ื˜ื”ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืกืฅ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 70,000 ืฆื• 90,000 ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึทืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจื‘ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืกืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืึทื“ื™ืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืŸ - ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 24,000 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื›ื˜ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœื™ืง ืฆื• ืคื•ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ื“ื™ ืึทื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื• ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืืจื™ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ.

ืžื™ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืกื™ื™ืžืึทืœื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืึทืกืœื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ - ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืง, ื ืึธืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึท, ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืึทืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื– ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึธืกืกืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื ืคืืœืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผืจืขื“ืึทื˜ืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ.

ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื–, ืึทืงื•ื•ืึทืจื™ื•ืžืก, ื ืึทืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืึทืงื•ื•ืึทืจื™ื•ืžืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืœืคื™ื ืึทืจื™ื•ื. ืกืกื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืกืฅ ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขืกื˜ืึทืžืึทืฅ, ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ 100 ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 250 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.

ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึทืก

ืคืึธื˜ืึธ: Red Book Belukha

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ื˜ื•ื“ื“ ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืœื™ืกื˜ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท ืกืคืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืขื ื“ื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื“ ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืฅ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ืึทืœ ืคื™ืฉืขืจื™ื™ึท, ืคื•ื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜. ื“ื™ ื™ื ื“ื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืึทืก ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืึทืกืงืึท, ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข, ื’ืจื™ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ ื’ื™ื™ื  ืึทืฃ ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื–. ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืจื’ืขื˜ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 1000 ืคึผืขืจ ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืืœืืกืงืข 300 - 400 ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืงืื ืื“ืข 300 - 400. ื‘ื™ื– 2008 ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคืืจ ืงื ืกืขืจื•ื•ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื ืื˜ื•ืจ (IUCN) ืงืœืึทืกื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ "ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง". ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜.

ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื–, ื•ื•ื™ ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทืจืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืึท ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื™ื–. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืขื’ืึทืžืจืข ืงืœืึธืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืขืœื•ื’ืึทืก ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืื™ื™ื–, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืขืจื™ืฉ ืจืขืฆื™ื™ืขืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื–. ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื™ื™ึทื– ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืžืึทืกื™ื•ื• ืœืึธืกืกืขืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขืžื“ื™ืง ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื– ืงืจืึทืงืก ืึทื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืงืกืขืก ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ, ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ืžืึธืจื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืกืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ.

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•.ืขืก. ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจื™ื ืข ืžืึทืžืžืึทืœ ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืขืงืฉืึทืŸ ืืงื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืึทืจื™ื ืข ืžืึทืžืึทืœื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•. ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ืื™ื– ืึทืžืขื ื“ืึทื“ ืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ืขื ืึธื•ืก ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ื  ืึทืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’, ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืึท ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืขืจืึทืœื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ. ืงืืžืขืจืฆื™ืืœืข ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ื ื’ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืื›ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืงื•ืง ื‘ื™ื™, ืื•ื ื’ืื•ื•ื ื‘ืขื™, ืกื˜. ืœืืจืขื ืก ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ืจื™ื ืœืื ื“ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ื ื“ื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืึทืก ื•ื•ื”ืึทืœื™ื ื’ ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ื™ื™ืŸ

ื‘ืขืœื•ื›ืึท - ืึท ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข. ืกืกื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืกืฅ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึธื•ื•ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ ืึทืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืจืขื ืกื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืึทืกืึทืœื– ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืคื ื“ื™ืง ืงืึทืœื™ืคืึธืจื ื™ืึท, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจื™ื›ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืง ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, USA. ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืจืขืกื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 3 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืจืึทืกื˜ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 250 ืงื™ืœืืžืขื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื ืึท ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื’ืœื™ื™ึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื’ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืœืคื™ืฉ. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืึธื•ื•ืขืก ืœื™ื ืงืก ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื•ื™ืŸ.

ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื˜ืึธื’: 15.04.2019

ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืข: 19.09.2019, 21:16

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